Perfil e impacto dos bolsistas de produtividade em pesquisa do CNPq da Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG / Profile and impact of CNPq research productivity fellows at the Faculty of Medicine of UFMG

INTRODUÇÃO: Os programas de iniciação científica e pós-graduação são um instrumento essencial na formação de recursos humanos e na perpetuação da produção científica nacional. O papel dos professores pesquisadores no adequado desenvolvimento científico dos estudantes de graduação e pós-graduação tem sido continuamente reafirmado em diversas pesquisas sobre a qualidade do ensino superior brasileiro, apesar da contínua desvalorização das universidades públicas no país. Avaliar a carreira e o perfil dos bolsistas de produtividade em pesquisa pode fornecer elementos em relação ao impacto desses profissionais no ensino, na pesquisa e na internacionalização das universidades. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar o perfil profissional e a produção científica dos bolsistas do Programa de Produtividade em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo baseado na análise de dados públicos disponíveis na Plataforma Lattes. Os bolsistas de produtividade em pesquisa foram apurados com base nos resultados dos editais de 2013, 2016 e 2019. RESULTADOS: A análise das variáveis evidenciou diminuição do número de docentes bolsistas da instituição, que passou de 34 para 29. Observamos um número significativamente maior de projetos financiados por profissionais do sexo masculino quando comparados às pesquisadoras (p=0,03) e uma forte correlação entre os anos de doutorado e o número de doutores orientados que atualmente se dedicam à pesquisa. CONCLUSÃO: Professores pesquisadores exercem impacto direto na formação de recursos humanos qualificados e na formação de recursos humanos qualificados e na internacionalização das universidades públicas.

INTRODUCTION: Mentoring through scientific initiation and post-graduate programs are an essential instrument on the formation of human resources and the perpetuation of national scientific production. The role of research professors in the proper scientific development of graduate and post-graduate medical students has been continuously reaffirmed in several surveys on the quality of Brazilian superior education, despite the continuous desvalorization of higher education in the country. Determine the career and profile of research productivity fellows could measure the impact of these professionals in teaching, researching and internationalization of our university. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the professional profile and scientific production of the Productivity in Research Program fellows from the Faculty of Medicine of the Federal University of Minas Gerais. METHODS: This descriptive study is based on the analysis of public data available at Lattes Platform. Research productivity fellows were determined based on the results of the 2013, 2016 and 2019 calls for tenders. RESULTS: Analysis of the variables showed a decrease in the number of professors with scholarships at the institution, which went from 34 to 29. We observed a significantly higher number of funded projects of male professionals when compared to female researchers (p=0.03) and a strong correlation between years of doctorate degree and the number of mentored doctors currently dedicating to research. CONCLUSION: Experient research professors exert direct impact on the formation of qualified human resources and the internationalization of the federal university.

Educação médica: linha do tempo e panorama da pós-graduação stricto sensu no Brasil / Medical education: timeline and panorama of stricto sensu graduate studies in Brazil

Resumo: Introdução: O presente trabalho apresenta uma sucinta retrospectiva da pós-graduação stricto sensu brasileira e elucida o atual panorama quantitativo das subáreas avaliativas da área de medicina. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo esboçar um panorama crítico da pós-graduação médica. Método: O método, aqui utilizado, contempla uma revisão das normativas que conduziram a formação da pós-graduação stricto sensu brasileira e uma categorização e análise estatística de dados fornecidos pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, complementados por informações da Plataforma Sucupira e do último censo do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, com recorte das áreas avaliativas da medicina e atenção a elas. Resultado: Como resultado, observou-se que, em junho de 2019, o Brasil atingiu 4.590 programas de pós-graduação, sendo 262 distribuídos nas áreas avaliativas da medicina. A partir desse quantitativo, apresentam-se uma tabela, dois quadros, uma figura e sete gráficos que demostram diferentes aspectos do Sistema Nacional de Pós-Graduação. Conclusão: Em conclusão, no que se refere ao Sistema Nacional de Pós-Graduação, descrevem-se, como ponto forte, a expansão e o crescimento da pós-graduação, e indicam-se, como ponto frágil, os traços de assimetrias regionais. Em face das subáreas da medicina, são evidenciadas as características de cada área avaliativa, incluindo relações entre modalidades, níveis e conceitos dos programas de pós-graduação. Por fim, fica a perspectiva de que, além do número de programas de pós-graduação e de seus respectivos conceitos, um panorama qualitativo deve considerar indicadores como produção científica e impacto social, temas a serem abordados em estudos futuros, utilizando-se dados e as ferramentas metodológicas específicas.

Abstract: Introduction: This work offers a succinct retrospective of the Brazilian stricto sensu graduate program and elucidates the current quantitative panorama of the evaluative sub-areas of Medicine. Objective: This study aimed to outline a critical panorama of medical Graduate Program. Method: The method addressed here includes a review of the regulations that led to the formation of the Brazilian stricto sensu graduate programs and a categorization and statistical analysis of data provided by CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), complemented by information from the Sucupira Platform and the latest census published by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, focusing on the evaluative areas of Medicine. Result: It was observed that in June 2019, Brazil reached 4,590 Graduate Programs, of which 262 programs were distributed in the evaluative areas of Medicine. Based on this quantity, tables, images and graphs are presented that show different aspects of the National Graduate System. Conclusion: With regard to the National Graduate System, the expansion and growth of graduate studies are described as a strong point, whereas the characteristics of regional asymmetries are indicated as a shortcoming. In view of the sub-areas of medicine, the characteristics of each evaluation area are highlighted, including relationships between modalities, levels and Graduate Program, and scores. Finally, the view persists that, in addition to the number of Graduate Program, and their respective scores, a qualitative panorama should consider indicators such as scientific production and social impact, themes to be addressed in future studies, using specific methodological data and tools.

The Doctor of Medicine (Paediatrics) Programme at The University of the West Indies, Mona at 45 years, 1972-2017 / El programa de Doctor en Medicina (Pediatría) de la Universidad de West Indies, Mona tras 45 Años, 1972-2017

ABSTRACT The Doctor of Medicine (DM) in Paediatrics Programme began in 1972 in Jamaica and was the first four-year clinical residency programme to be offered at The University of the West Indies (UWI). The DM Paediatrics programme trains residents for four-years and equips them after completion to practice as consultant paediatricians. Over the forty-five years of offering this programme, 237 students have been enrolled and 159 students have successfully completed the course. Over ninety per cent of the graduates are Caribbean nationals. Graduates from the DM Paediatrics programme at Mona are currently serving in Jamaica and other Caribbean countries, the United States of America (USA), Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. Approximately, 24% have pursued subspecialty training and 60% work in a hospital-based setting while 30% work in private practice and 27% in academia and research. There are some of these that combine hospital ward work with academia and research. The DM (Paediatrics) Programme at the UWI, Mona, has achieved its mandate of providing paediatricians for Jamaica and the Caribbean and is committed to continue to train paediatricians to meet existing paediatric healthcare needs in Jamaica and the Caribbean.

RESUMEN El Programa de Doctor en Medicina (DM) en Pediatría comenzó en 1972 en Jamaica y fue el primer programa de residencia clínica de cuatro años que se ofreció en la Universidad de West Indies (UWI). El programa DM de Pediatría entrena a los residentes durante cuatro años y los faculta después de su terminación para practicar como pediatras consultores. En los 45 años de este programa, 237 estudiantes han sido matriculados y 159 estudiantes han completado con éxito el curso. Más del 90 por ciento de los graduados son nacionales del Caribe. Los egresados del programa DM de Pediatría de Mona prestan actualmente sus servicios en Jamaica y otros países del Caribe, los Estados Unidos de América (EE. UU.), Canadá, Australia y el Reino Unido. Aproximadamente, el 24% han continuado su formación en subespecialidades; el 60% trabaja en el medio hospitalario, mientras que el 30% trabaja en la práctica privada; y el 27% en la academia y la investigación. Algunos de ellos combinan el trabajo en las salas de hospitales con la academia y la investigación. El programa DM (Pediatría) de UWI, Mona, ha logrado su mandato de proveer pediatras para Jamaica y el Caribe, y se compromete a seguir capacitando a pediatras para que satisfagan las necesidades de salud pediátrica existentes en Jamaica y el Caribe.

Encuesta dirigida a los residentes sobre aspectos de la residencia en ortopedia y traumatología / Orthopedic residency survey regarding several aspects of the program

Se realizó encuesta a 299 residentes de Ortopedia y Traumatología sobre los aspectos del ingreso, las actividades y las preferencias durante ese período formativo de posgrado. Durante el Congreso anual de la especialidad en 2015, se entregó un formulario a los residentes de Residencias acreditadas por la Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología. El 39,3% de las Residencias era de la Provincia de Buenos Aires; el 25%, de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires y el 34,88%, del resto de las provincias. El 71,4% eran estatales y el 26,9%, privadas. El 80,9% de las Residencias tenían una duración de 4 años. El 55% de los médicos rindió examen una sola vez. Los motivos de elección fueron que la práctica quirúrgica era la más importante (70%). El 53% se sentía satisfecho con la Residencia, la poca satisfacción obedece a las fallas estructurales (58%), la sobrecarga laboral (47%) y el poco desarrollo académico (41%). Las Residencias estaban completas en el 55% de los casos; las Residencias incompletas se debían a renuncias (56%) y a la falta de postulantes (49%). El 94% de los programas de Residencia tenía incorporado el Curso Bianual de la Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología. Estos datos nos muestran el estado actual de la Residencia en nuestra especialidad, pero son parciales, al no contar con datos de las Residencias no acreditadas. En 2016, se efectuó una nueva encuesta, cuyos resultados están en proceso de análisis.

A survey was performed with 299 orthopedics residents to obtain data about entrance examination, their activities and preferences during this post-graduate period. During the Congreso de Ortopedia y Traumatología de 2015, residents belonging to Residencies approved by Asociación Argentina de Ortopedia y Traumatología received a survey form. Thirtynine percent of Residencies belongs to the province of Buenos Aires, 25% to Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, and 34.88% to the rest of the country. Private institutions run almost 26.9% of Residencies while 71.4% belongs to the public area. Almost 81% of Residencies have a 4-year- duration. Fifty-five percent of the applicants went through only one examination. Choice was based on the intense surgical practice in the 70%. Fifty-three percent felt satisfied with the accomplishment of the Residency program. Reasons for dissatisfaction were structural problems (58%), work overload (47%) and scarce academic development (41%). Staff was complete in 55% of Residencies. Resignations (56%) and lack of applicants (49%) were the main causes of incomplete Residencies. The AAOT Biannual Course was incorporated in 94% of the Residency programs. This information shows how Orthopedics and Traumatology Residency is today, but data is partial, because information about non-approved Residencies is lacking. In 2016, a new survey was carried out, and data is under analysis.

Actividad laboral de médicos egresados de la Universidad de Chile generaciones 2007 a 2010: análisis según sede y año de egreso / Work activity of medical graduates at the University of Chile: Analysis per campus and graduation year

Background: The University promotes practices and values that influence their students in the pursuit of their occupational interests. Aim: To determine working activity features of medical graduates from the University of Chile and their relationship with undergraduate characteristics. Material and Methods: Medical graduates of the University of Chile were invited to complete a survey using a virtual server. The survey collected demographic, socioeconomic, work and guild characteristics. Undergraduate data, as campus and graduation years were obtained. Results: The survey was completed by 333 physicians (167 men) aged 29 ± 2 years, graduated from 2007 to 2010. Ninety four percent had a paid work, 59% were employed in public hospitals and 28% in primary care health centers. The predominant type of work activity was performed in the public health service (55%), while 17% worked in private health services. Activity in public health services or primary care were significantly associated with the pursuit of undergraduate clinical activities in specific campuses of the University. Conclusions: The employment rate of medical graduates was high. Differences observed by graduation campus and type of work may be due to the modeling that students receive from teachers.

Repensando la selección de la carrera de Medicina desde los factores que inciden en la formación / Rethinking the selection of medical students, considering non-cognitive skills

In Chile the only requirement to study medicine is to obtain an academic achievement score over a certain cutoff value. However, the literature states that this type of selection is insufficient, since the medical profession requires cognitive and non-cognitive skills. These abilities are associated with better adaptation and academic success, as well as less dropping out. Therefore, those skills should be considered in the selection process to assure that the education goals are met. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature regarding the selection and evaluation criteria for students who are applying to medical schools. It was evident that Chilean medical schools need to establish appropriate criteria to ensure a more inclusive and fair admission. They need to design a system of admission with solid evidence of validity and reliability, complementary to the current form of student selection. This system should be considered common to all schools of medicine and, in turn, consider the sensibilities of the particular mission of each school, since academic, cognitive, inter- and intrapersonal aspects may vary among them.

Análise bibliométrica de teses e dissertações sobre prematuridade no Banco de Teses da Capes / Bibliometric analysis of theses and dissertations on prematurity in the Capes database

OBJETIVOS: Realizar análise bibliométrica das teses e dissertações sobre prematuridade no Banco de Teses da Capes no período de 1987 a 2009. MÉTODOS: Estudo de natureza descritiva que utilizou a abordagem bibliométrica para a produção de indicadores. Operacionalmente, a pesquisa foi realizada em quatro etapas: 1) construção do referencial teórico; 2) coleta de dados utilizando como fonte os resumos das teses e dissertações disponibilizadas no Banco de Teses da Capes que apresentaram a temática da prematuridade no período de 1987 a 2009; 3) organização, tratamento e construção dos indicadores bibliométricos; 4) análise e interpretação dos resultados encontrados. RESULTADOS: Aumento da produção científica sobre prematuridade no período de 1987 a 2009; a produção encontra-se representada, em sua maioria, por dissertações de mestrado; a instituição que obteve maior destaque foi a Universidade de São Paulo, e a região do país que sobressaiu foi a Sudeste. Os estudos estão voltados para os recém-nascidos pré-termo de baixo peso e de muito baixo peso, englobando os fatores sociais, biológicos e multifatoriais causadores da prematuridade. CONCLUSÕES: Existe uma qualificada, diversificada e expressiva produção científica sobre prematuridade, desenvolvida nos diversos programas de pós-graduação das instituições de ensino superior do Brasil.

OBJECTIVES: To perform a bibliometric analysis of theses and dissertations on prematurity in the Capes database from 1987 to 2009. METHODS: This is a descriptive study that used the bibliometric approach for the production of indicators of scientific production. Operationally, the methodology was developed in four steps: 1) construction of the theoretical framework; 2) data collection sourced from the abstracts of theses and dissertations available in the Capes Thesis Database which presented the issue of prematurity in the period 1987 to 2009; 3) organization, processing and construction of bibliometric indicators; 4) analysis and interpretation of results. RESULTS: Increase in the scientific literature on prematurity during the period 1987 to 2009; production is represented mostly by dissertations; the institution that received prominence was the Universidade de São Paulo. The studies are directed toward the low birth weight and very low birth weight preterm newborn, encompassing the social, biological and multifactorial causes of prematurity. CONCLUSIONS: There is a qualified, diverse and substantial scientific literature on prematurity developed in various graduate programs of higher education institutions in Brazil.

Intención y desarrollo de competencias en investigación clínica en programas de postítulo de médico especialista en Chile / Commitment and development of competences in clinical research in residency training programs in Chile

Background: In Chile, residency training programs (RTP) take place in a stimulating academic environment for the promotion of clinical research skills. However, research is not a frequent curricular outcome. Accreditation of these programs by the National Accreditation Commission is an opportunity to improve the trainee's research competences. Aim: To analyze in the RTP curricula, the explicit intention to carry out clinical research and its correlation with the scientific productivity of professors and residents. Material and Methods: Fifty six training study programs corresponding to six primary specialties and six derived specialties, offered by seven universities holding accreditation tenure for RTP from the Chilean Association of Medicine Faculties (ASOFAMECH) up to 2005, were analyzed. The analysis included each academic program, courses and/or rotations and professors and residents' productivity, measured as publications accredited in the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), between 1999 and 2007. Results: RTP are based on a tutorial educational model, where the close relationship between professors and residents is essential for the expected final outcome. Simultaneously, the programs' curricula revealed a high intentionality towards clinical research. However, professors' publications of ISI indexed articles showed a low and irregular scientific productivity. Conclusions: The gap between the declared training in clinical research and the effective ISI productivity is an awareness call with respect to the contribution that RTP could provide to accreditation, to professors and residents, and in general to health improvement in the country.

Comparação da adequação de solicitação de ecocardiograma entre hospitais público e privado / Comparison of echocardiography request appropriateness between public and private hospitals

FUNDAMENTO: Buscando aprimorar a utilização dos exames de ecocardiografia, foram criados os Critérios de Adequação (CA) (Appropriateness Criteria), pela Sociedade Norte-Americana de Ecocardiografia (ASE) /Colégio Americano de Cardiologia (ACC). OBJETIVO: Comparar o perfil de adequação de solicitação de ecocardiograma transtorácico (ETT) de acordo com os CA, entre Hospital Público Universitário (HU) e Hospital Privado (HP), e verificar quais características se associam com melhor perfil de solicitação de ETT. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 779 solicitações consecutivas de ETT no HP (49,8 por cento) e no HU (50,2 por cento). Sendo 55,6 por cento solicitações para mulheres e 44,4 por cento, para homens com 59,1 ± 15,7 anos. As indicações foram classificadas como: apropriadas, inapropriadas ou não classificadas, e a adequação aos CA foi correlacionada com idade, sexo dos pacientes, além do tempo de formado do solicitante. A análise estatística empregou Coeficiente Kappa e teste Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa no perfil de adequação de solicitações apropriadas de ETT nas duas instituições (71 por cento x 75 por cento; p = 0,3). No HP, os fatores associados a maior taxa de exames apropriados foram: sexo feminino (p = 0,001) e idade menor que 60 anos (p < 0,001). No HU, médicos formados entre 5 e 10 anos apresentaram maior taxa de solicitações inadequadas (p = 0,02). As variáveis que foram preditoras independentes de exames apropriados foram, no HP: sexo feminino (p = 0,001) e idade < 60 anos (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Nesta avaliação, HP e HU apresentaram perfis de adequação de solicitações similares. Sexo feminino, tempo de formado do médico solicitante e a idade do paciente influíram na adequação das solicitações.

BACKGROUND: Aiming at improving the use of echocardiography tests, the Appropriateness Criteria (AC) were created by the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE)/American College of Cardiology (ACC). OBJECTIVE: To compare the appropriateness profile of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) requests in accordance with the AC, between a public University Hospital (UH) and a Private Hospital (PH), and verify which characteristics are associated with a better TTE request profile. METHODS: We prospectively assessed 779 consecutive TTE requests in a PH (49.8 percent) and a UH (50.2 percent), with 55.6 percent of requests for women and 44.4 percent for men, aged 59.1 ± 15.7 years. The indications were classified as appropriate, inappropriate or non-classified, and adequacy to AC was correlated with age, patient gender, and the time since graduation of the requesting physician. The statistical analysis used Kappa coefficient and chi-square test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference regarding the adequacy profile of appropriate TTE requests in the two institutions (71 percent vs. 75 percent, p = 0.3). At PH, the factors associated with higher rates of appropriate tests were: female gender (p = 0.001) and age younger than 60 years (p <0.001). In the UH, physicians who had graduated between 5 and 10 years before had a higher rate of inappropriate requests (p = 0.02). The variables that were independent predictors of appropriate tests in the PH were: female sex (p = 0.001) and age <60 years (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this evaluation, the PH and the UH profiles showed similar request appropriateness profiles. Female gender, time since graduation of the requesting physician and the patient's age influenced the appropriateness of requests.

Fonoaudiólogos doutores no Brasil: perfil da formação no período de 1976 a 2008 / Speech pathologists and audiologists with Ph.D. in Brazil: profile from 1976 to 2008

BACKGROUND: keeping data about Ph.D.s of speech pathologists and audiologists updated allows the retrieval of what has been developed in these fields of knowledge, besides giving a dimension of the development of the Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences in our country. AIM: to analyze the educational background of Brazilian speech pathologists and audiologists with Ph.D. within the period of 1976-2008. METHOD: doctorate dissertations presented by Brazilian speech pathologists and audiologists during the period of 1976 (first presentation) to the end of 2008 were selected through information provided by postgraduation offices and also by consulting data published on Plataforma Lattes (online curriculum vitae for professors and scientists). For each finding the following variables were registered: author's gender, year of presentation, educational institution and post-graduate program where the dissertation was developed (according to the areas of knowledge determined by National Council of Scientific and Technological Development) and chosen theme (Language, Hearing and Balance, Motricity and orofacial functions, Voice e Public Health). The statistical analysis involved the description of the selected parameters, a regression analysis to verify increase of Ph.D. presentations, area of development and chosen theme, and application of the chi-square test to verify possible associations. RESULTS: a total of 504 dissertations were analyzed. The results were: 97.0 percent of the dissertations were presented by women; State Institutions were chosen by almost half (47.62 percent) of the speech pathologists and audiologists to obtain their Ph.D.; the Sciences of Life programs were the most prevalent (57.54 percent); concerning the chosen theme, most of the dissertations were developed in the field of Language (34.52 percent) and Hearing and Balance (32.34 percent). The regression analysis indicated an increase of all of the studied variables ...

TEMA: manter atualizado o levantamento de doutores fonoaudiólogos brasileiros permite recuperar a memória do que foi desenvolvido na área, além de explicitar um indicador importante do amadurecimento da Fonoaudiologia no país. OBJETIVO: analisar a formação dos doutores fonoaudiólogos brasileiros, no período correspondente a 1976 - 2008. MÉTODO: as teses defendidas por fonoaudiólogos brasileiros, no período compreendido entre 1976 (primeira defesa) até final de 2008, foram selecionadas, por meio de contato com as secretarias de programas de pós-graduação e consulta à Plataforma Lattes. Para cada achado foram registradas as variáveis: sexo do autor; ano de defesa; instituição de ensino e programa de pós-graduação em que a tese foi desenvolvida, além da temática escolhida. A análise estatística compreendeu descrição dos parâmetros, análise de regressão para evidenciar o crescimento referente ao ano de defesa, área e temática escolhida e teste de qui-quadrado para verificar associação. RESULTADOS: as 504 teses localizadas, 97,0 por cento foram defendidas por mulheres; em maior número foram escolhidas as instituições estaduais (47,62 por cento) e os programas inseridos na área de Ciências da Vida (57,54 por cento); quanto à temática desenvolvida na tese, maior número correspondeu à Linguagem (34,52 por cento) e Audição e equilíbrio (32,34 por cento). A análise de regressão evidenciou o crescimento do número de teses segundo o ano, sendo que tal tendência foi também evidenciada na escolha do Programa e para as áreas de Linguagem e Motricidade e Funções Orofaciais (p < 0,001). O incremento se dá principalmente devido ao aumento das teses defendidas em instituições públicas, mais particularmente, as estaduais (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: houve um crescimento significativo dos fonoaudiólogos doutores, fato que possibilita maior inserção do fonoaudiólogo em atividades de pesquisa e produção científica qualificada.

Alunos de um programa de pós-graduação em cardiologia: são os resultados de quase 30 anos adequados? / Graduates from a postgraduate program in cardiology: are the results of almost 30 years adequate?

FUNDAMENTO: A pós-graduação stricto sensu no Brasil foi implementada em 1965 para aumentar a qualidade de ensino nas Universidades e preparar pesquisadores completos e independentes. A participação brasileira nas publicações ISI tem aumentado desde então de forma significante, mas pouca informação está disponível sobre a qualidade dos pós-graduados. OBJETIVO: Revisar 29 anos de programa de pós-graduação em cardiologia na Universidade Federal de São Paulo e analisar as características dos alunos de mestrado e doutorado em relação à origem, publicações e carreira subsequente. MÉTODOS: Desenvolvemos um questionário para avaliar 168 alunos de pós-graduação que produziram 196 teses (116 de mestrado e 80 de doutorado), no período de 1975-2004 e entramos em contato com 95,9 por cento deles. As informações sobre as publicações foram obtidas através dos bancos de dados científicos usuais. RESULTADOS: 30 por cento dos alunos de pós-graduação eram das regiões Norte-Nordeste-Centro-Oeste e apenas 50 por cento deles retornou à sua região de origem. A idade média quando da admissão na pós-graduação foi de 32,5 anos e 34,9 anos para mestrandos e doutorandos, respectivamente; a duração média dos programas de pós-graduação foi respectivamente de 39,0 e 43,2 meses e aproximadamente 50 por cento dos alunos fez o curso de pós-graduação sem qualquer bolsa de estudo. A publicação das teses durante esses 29 anos apresentou uma média de 36,5 por cento para mestrado e 61,9 por cento para doutorado, mas quaisquer publicações posteriores foram da ordem de 70,2 por cento e 90,6 por cento, respectivamente. O fator de impacto médio da tese publicada foi de 1,3 para mestrado e 3,1 para doutorado, com 65,5 por cento e 87,5 por cento de Qualis A, respectivamente. Atualmente, há ex-alunos de pós-graduação originários de nossa instituição em 17 estados da federação e 12 deles tornaram-se professores titulares. CONCLUSÃO: Embora o programa stricto sensu, especialmente no ...

BACKGROUND: Stricto sensu post-graduation in Brazil was implemented in 1965 to increase university professors' teaching quality and to prepare full, independent researchers. The brazilian share in ISI publications has increased significantly since then, but little information is available on postgraduate quality. OBJECTIVE: To review 29 years of the postgraduate programs in cardiology at the Federal University of São Paulo and to analyze master and doctorate graduates' characteristics regarding their origin, publications and subsequent career. METHODS: We developed a questionnaire to evaluate 168 postgraduates who produced 196 theses (116 master's and 80 doctorate) over the period 1975-2004 and contacted 95.9 percent of them. Information on publications were obtained through the usual science databases. RESULTS: 30 percent of graduates came from the North-Northeast-Central West regions and only 50 percent returned to their original area. Mean age at admission was 32.5 and 34.9 years old for master and doctorate students, respectively; average program duration was, respectively, 39.0 and 43.2 months and approximately 50 percent went through it without any grants. Thesis publications throughout these 29 years averaged 36.5 percent for master's and 61.9 percent for doctorate, but any publishing afterwards occurred in 70.2 and 90.6 percent of the cases. The average impact factor of the published theses was 1.3 for master's degree and 3.1 for doctorate programs with 65.5 percent and 87.5 percent of Qualis A, respectively. Currently, there are graduates in 17 states of the country and 12 have became full professors. CONCLUSION: Although the stricto sensu program, especially the master's degree program, has many areas that need improvement, they seem to be contributing to improve professional quality and the number of brazilian indexed publications.

Aproximación a la pertinencia social del posgrado de cardiología de la Universidad de Los Andes / Approach to the social relevance of the cardiology fellow of Los Andes University

El paradigma de la misión de las universidades está cambiando y se cuestiona su papel como agentes transformadores de la sociedad, a la vez que se promueve que las políticas de salud sean diseñadas sobre la base de evidencias obtenidas mediante la investigación. El presente trabajo intenta estimar la pertinencia social del posgrado de cardiología de la universidad de Los Andes, mérida, Venezuela (PCULA). Encuesta anónima realizada a los egresados del PCULA en el lapso 1978 - 2002. Treinta y un preguntas en ocho secciones. 63 de los 100 egresados llenaron la encuesta. El 84,54% seleccionó tener una actualización aceptable; sólo el 20% manifestó ejercer exclusivamente en el sector público; la mayoría consideró deficientes las condiciones para el ejercicio público; 87,30% clasificó como deficiente el entorno público y privado para la investigación; el 47,62% participaba en cardiología preventiva, sólo el 22,22% dijo haber creado a dirigir algún programa de esta índole; el 63,96% no llegaba a cinco presentaciones en congresos, el 69,84% tenía cuatro o menos publicaciones, apenas el 8,94% tenía cinco o más divulgaciones en cardiología preventiva; el 90,48% consideró aceptable el entrenamiento en el PCULA, con la excepción del obtenido en cardiología preventiva; el 69,73% catalogó de laboriosa la obtensión de trabajo como cardiólogo; el 38,10% consideró inadecuado el nivel socio-económico alcanzado; y el 64,08% realizó estudios de super-especialización. Apesar de una alta calidad, el PCULA evidencia parámetros de baja pertinencia social.

The paradigm of the mission of universities is changing and their role as agents for change in society is being questioned while, at the same time, designing health policies based on research findings is being promoted. This paper attempts to assess the social relevance of the postgraduate course in cardiology at Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela (PCULA). An anonymous survey conducted on students who graduated from the PCULA during the period 1978-2002. Thirty-one questions in eight sections. Sixty-three of the 100 graduates completed the questionnaire. Of that number, 84.54% indicated that the course’s level of refresher content was acceptable; only 20% said they practiced exclusively in the public health sector; the majority considered conditions for practicing in the public sector to be deficient; 87.3% classified the environment, in both the public and private sectors, as being deficient for engaging in research; 47.62% was involved in preventive cardiology; only 22.2% said they had created or directed a program of this type; 63.96% had given less than five papers at congresses; 69.84% had four or less publications; only 8.94% had five or more publications in preventive cardiology; 90.48% considered the training offered on the PCULA to be acceptable, except for the training in preventive cardiology; 69.73% classified obtaining work as a cardiologist as being an uphill task; 38.10% considered the socio-economic level achieved to be inadequate; and 64.08% had done “superspecialization” studies. Despite the high quality of the PCULA, evidence of parameters of low social relevance is apparent.

Formación de médicos dermatólogos en Argentina / Training for dermatology specialists in Argentina

En los últimos veinticinco años se han producido cambios en la política de salud y desde diferentes Organizaciones (oficiales y profesionales) ha surgido la necesidad de analizar la composición, capacitación y distribución del recurso humano para lograr la mejor salud de los argentinos. Frente a esta necesidad se ha trabajado en el presente estudio con el objetivo de conocer las alternativas de formación de los médicos especialistas en Dermatología. Se identificaron 63 centros de formación de posgrado en Dermatología, distribuidos en: Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires 29 (46 por ciento), provincia de Buenos Aires 14 (22,2 por ciento), Santa Fe 5 (7,9 por ciento), Tucumán 2 (3,2 por ciento), Córdoba 6 (9,5 por ciento), Salta 3 (4,8 por ciento), Mendoza 2 (3,2 por ciento), Entre Ríos 1 (1,6 ciento) y Chaco 1 (1,6 por ciento). El 46 por ciento de los centros formadores se localizan en la CABA, y el 22,2 por ciento en la provincia de Buenos Aires. De la totalidad de los 63 centros formadores, el 73 por ciento corresponde al sector público y el 27 por ciento al sector privado. En su totalidad estos centros ofrecen un total de 283 vacantes anuales para la formación.

During the last twenty-five years changes in health policy have taken place and from different Organizations (public and professional) the need of analyzing the composition, qualification and distribution of human resources has arisen, in order to obtain better health care for the Argentine people. This research was carried out with the aim of knowing the training choices for dermatology specialists. Sixty three postgraduate training centers in dermatology were found: 29 in: Buenos Aires City (46 per cent), 14 in Buenos Aires Province (22.2 per cent), 5 in Santa Fe (7.9 per cent), 2 in Tucumán (3.2 per cent), 6 in Córdoba (9.5 per cent), 3 in Salta (4.8 per cent), 2 in Mendoza (3.2 per cent), 1 in Entre Ríos (1.6 per cent) and 1 in Chaco (1.6 per cent). Most of these training centers (68.2 per cent) are located in Buenos Aires City and in Buenos Aires Province. Of these 63 training centers, 73 per cent belong to government operated centers and 27 per cent to the private sector. Altogether, there is an annual offer of 283 places for dermatology training candidates.

Avaliação qualitativa do efeito do ensino de pedagogia médica sobre a atividade docente em alunos do curso de Pós-Graduação em Medicina / Qualitative assessment of the effect of a medical pedagogy course on the teaching activity of graduate medical students

A situação atual do ensino médico, principalmente referente à formação de seus professores vem sendo questionada e sofrendo adaptações nos currículos de pós-graduação visando ao aprimoramento dos métodos de ensino dos docentes. O programa de pósgraduação em Medicina da UFCSPA, buscando adequar-se aos padrões ideais de formação pedagógica docente, inseriu no seu programa a disciplina de Pedagogia Médica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade de ensino dos alunos do programa de Pósgraduação que cursam a disciplina de Pedagogia Médica. Foram avaliados 2 grupos: o primeiro, constituído por 120 alunos que realizaram a prática didática simultaneamente às aulas teóricas de Pedagogia e o segundo grupo, também com 120 alunos, porém que realizaram a prática didática após a conclusão da disciplina. Em conclusão, os alunos do grupo 2 apresentaram uma melhor qualidade no processo de ensino-aprendizagem pelo uso de maior variedade dos métodos de ensino, recursos audiovisuais e formas de avaliação (AU)

Introduction: The current situation of medical education in our community, particularly concerning the preparation of university professors, has been questioned and eventually submitted to changes in the postgraduate curricula in order to improve the teaching methods of medical professors. Seeking to catch-up with the optimal standards for the pedagogical formation of professors, the postgraduate program of medicine has included the discipline of Medical Pedagogy in its curriculum. Methods: Two groups were evaluated. Group 1, composed of 120 students, performed the didactical practice concurrently with the theoretical classes of Pedagogy, and Group 2, composed of 120 students as well but who attended the didactical classes after having completed the discipline. Results and Conclusion: Students in Group 2 presented a higher quality in the teaching/ learning process because of their wider use of teaching methods, audiovisual resources, and evaluation forms (AU)

Em busca da eficiência: visibilidade internacional da produção científica dos programas brasileiros de pós-graduação em saúde infantil e do adolescente entre 1998 e 2003 / Pursuing efficiency: international visibility of the scientific production of Brazilian graduate programs in child and adolescent health from 1998 through 2003

OBJETIVO:Avaliar a tendência do número de publicações oriundos dos programas de pós-graduação brasileiros em saúde da criança e do adolescente e a proporção de citações desses artigos no MEDLINE e no Journal Citation Reports (JCR), utilizando a primeira base de dados como medida de eficiência e a última como indicador de visibilidade. MÉTODOS: Avaliamos 14 programas de pós-graduação quanto ao número de teses, dissertações e artigos citados no MEDLINE e JCR, através de dados secundários das duas últimas avaliações trienais realizadas pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), de 1998 até 2000 e de 2001 até 2003. RESULTADOS:O número de artigos publicados aumentou (de 1.520 para 1.917), bem como o número mediano de artigos citados tanto no MEDLINE (de 32,5 para 45) como no JCR (de 24,5 para 27). O número mediano de dissertações aumentou de 19,5 para 26,5; o número mediano de teses cresceu de 12 para 13,5. O número mediano de orientadores diminuiu (de 21,5 para 18,4). CONCLUSÃO: Os programas de pós-graduação em saúde infantil e do adolescente tornaram-se mais eficientes quanto à produção de conhecimento através da publicação de mais artigos com maior visibilidade internacional. Tal tendência foi acompanhada contraditoriamente pela redução no número de orientadores.

OBJECTIVE:To assess the trend in the number of published articles by Brazilian graduate programs in child and adolescent health and the proportion of such publications cited in MEDLINE and Thomson Scientific's Journal Citation Reports (JCR), using the former database as a proxy for efficiency and the latter as an indicator of visibility. METHODS: We assessed the trends of 14 graduate programs concerning the number of theses, dissertations, and articles cited in MEDLINE and JCR, through secondary data from the latest two triennial evaluations carried out by the Brazilian Federal Agency for the Improvement of Higher Education (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES) between 1998 and 2000 and between 2001 and 2003). RESULTS:The number of published articles increased (1,520 to 1,917), as did the median number of articles cited both in MEDLINE (32.5 to 45) and in JCR (24.5 to 27). The median number of dissertations rose from 19.5 to 26.5; the median number of theses went up from 12 to 13.5. The median number of faculty advisors decreased (21.5 to 18.4). CONCLUSION: Graduate programs in child and adolescent health became more efficient in producing knowledge through the publication of more articles with broader international visibility. Such trend was contradictorily accompanied by a diminishing number of advisors.

National examination of Brazilian residents and specialization trainees in radiology and diagnostic imaging: a tool for evaluating the qualifications of future radiologists

PURPOSE: This is a study of performance based on an In-training Examination for Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging targeting residents (R) and specialization trainees (ST) in Radiology. The radiological training may differ between R and ST in some centers. The authors present their experience and thoughts regarding the first three years of application of the In-training Examination administered by The Brazilian College of Radiology. METHODS: Three hundred and eight-six tests were analyzed in 1999, 715 in 2000, and 731 in 2001. The yearly tests consisted of multiple-choice answers, some with interpretation of digital images, and were divided into 9 specialties: neurology, thorax, physics, pediatrics, digestive system, urinary system, musculoskeletal system, mammography, and gynecology-obstetrics. Each specialty was analyzed separately. The tests were given simultaneously in 12 Brazilian cities. The subspecialty scores of examinees at different stages of training were compared (1st, 2nd, and 3rd year residents and specialization trainees), by the Kruskal-Wallis test (P<0.001). RESULTS: The 1999 examination did not reveal any significant difference between the R and ST groups (P>0.05). Generally, in 2000 and 2001, R achieved higher scores than ST (P<0.001). The performance in physics was poor for both groups for the 3 years covered by the study. CONCLUSION: The performance of residents was better than that of the specialization trainees in the majority of the subspecialties, mainly in the last two years. The In-training Examination provides a system for evaluating future specialists and identifying the centers that need to revise their teaching methods and the regional differences in radiological training.

OBJETIVO: Estudo comparativo entre o desempenho dos residentes e especializandos em radiologia por meio da Prova Nacional dos Residentes e Especializandos em Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (PNRERADI), durante os três primeiros anos de sua aplicação. O ensino nos centros de formação em radiodiagnóstico pode diferir entre residentes e especializandos. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas 386 provas em 1999, 715 em 2000 e 731 em 2001. As provas foram divididas em nove subespecialidades: neurologia, tórax, digestivo, física, pediatria, urinário, músculo-esquelético, mamografia e ginecologia-obstetrícia, cada uma delas avaliada separadamente, constando de testes de múltipla escolha, algumas com interpretação de imagens digitalizadas. As provas foram aplicadas simultaneamente em 12 cidades distribuídas no território nacional. As subespecialidades foram comparadas nos diversos níveis (residentes e especializandos de 1º, 2º e 3º anos) através do teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,001). RESULTADOS: Na prova de 1999 não foi observada diferença significativa entre residentes e especializandos na maioria das áreas. Em 2000 e 2001, no geral, os residentes apresentaram aproveitamento superior aos especializandos. O aproveitamento na área de física foi ruim para residentes e especializandos, durante esses três anos de aplicação da prova. CONCLUSÕES: O desempenho dos residentes em relação aos especializandos foi melhor na maioria das subespecialidades, principalmente nos dois últimos anos avaliados. A PNRERADI representa um meio de avaliação dos futuros especialistas, identificando os centros que necessitem de revisão do modelo de ensino, além de prover informação da diferença regional no treinamento da radiologia.

Financial support of graduate programs in Brazil: quo vadis?

Graduate programs provide the highest level of formal education and thus are crucial for the development of any country. However, official Brazilian data clearly show a dramatic decrease in the number and values of scholarships available to graduate programs in Brazil over the last few years, despite the importance and growth of such programs. Between 1995 and 2004, investment by the Coordenadoria de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior (CAPES, subordinate to the Ministry of Education and Culture) in funding scholarships, corrected for inflation in the period, actually decreased by 51 percent. In addition, during the period between 1994 and 2004, there was a loss of about 60 percent in the purchasing power of the graduate scholarships provided by CAPES and the National Council for Science and Technology (CNPq). To reverse this trend, we propose the development of sectorial funding for Brazilian graduate programs to guarantee the availability and continuity of financial support for this strategic activity.

Status of speciality training in ophthalmology in India.

PURPOSE: To systematically evaluate the quality of ophthalmology training in India. METHODS: Questionnaires were sent to existing medical schools and accredited training institutions. Institutions were followed up thrice to obtain responses. Data were analysed using Stata 8.0. RESULTS: Responses were received from 128 (89.5%) of the 143 institutions. Each year, 900 training slots were available across the country. Faculty: student ratios were better in accredited training institutions than in postgraduate medical schools. Fifty three (41.4%) of 128 institutions subscribed to more than 2 international journals. Fewer than 1 in 6 institutions conducted research projects. 11 (8.6%) institutions reported more than five publications in international peer-reviewed journals over three years. Only a third of the responding institutions had a wet lab. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need to improve the training facilities and optimally utilise the infrastructure available in postgraduate medical schools.

Fonoaudiólogos doutores no Brasil: análise das teses segundo áreas de atuação e programas / Brazilian Ph.D. speech-language pathologist and audiologists: analysis of thesis material according to the field pf practice and programs

Tema: formação de doutores em Fonoaudiologia. Objetivo: atualizar as teses de doutorado defendidas por fonoaudiólogos brasileiros, até dezembro de 2003. Conclusão: a partir deste levantamento do perfil das teses de doutorado defendidas por fonoaudiólogos brasileiros podemos concluir que de 1976, quando foi defendida a primeira tese, até dezembro de 2003, somam-se 203 teses elaboradas por fonoaudiólogos doutores (na sua maioria mulheres), nas áreas de Audiologia, Linguagem, Voz e Motricidade Oral.